The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of bacterial chemical integrated feeding system on yield and yield components of wheat phonological growth stages. Treatments included: Two levels of bio fertilizers B1: Seed inoculation with bio fertilizer, B2: Sterile inoculated seed, three levels of N fertilizer N1: Nitrogen fertilizer application 20% less than recommended, N2: Nitrogen fertilizer equal to recommended, N3: Nitrogen fertilizer application was 20% more than recommended in 4 replications in a completely randomized block design. The results showed that using B2N2 treatment, grain yield was 16. 14% and 16. 36% higher than B2N1 and B2N3, respectively. By applying B2N2 treatment, 1000-grain weight was higher than B2N1 and B2N3 as 11. 05% and 6. 92%, respectively. Grain yield was increased with simple nitrogen fertilizer treatment by fertilizer application 20% less than recommended at 12. 20% and by application of fertilizer by 20% higher than recommended by 16. 67% which was significant. The effect of bio fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer treatments on bio farm inoculation and nitrogen application on sterile inoculation was quite noticeable. Therefore, bio farm fertilizer application and nitrogen fertilizer application are based on fertilizer recommendation to improve yield of wheat and its components. This highlights the importance of the bacterial chemical fusion system at different stages of wheat growth.

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. ) has been known as iron rich vegetable but in many cases, it not only lacks enough iron but accumulates a high amount of nitrate due to irrigation with polluted water around the cities as well as chemical fertilization. It seems that Pseudomonas species could diminish nitrate accumulation by inducing nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and could increase iron uptake by producing siderophore. To achiev this purpose, in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications, spinach plants were inoculated with bacteria (Pseudomons fluorescens ChaO, P. putida Tabriz and non-bacterial) and treated with three levels of nitrogen (0, 125 and 250 mg N Kg-1 as urea). Statistical analysis showed that with increasing levels of nitrogen in soil from 0 to 250 mg kg-1, nitrate and iron concentrations were significantly increased in shoot while shoot NRA had not significant changes. By applying the bacteria, nitrate reductase activity, significantly increased in shoot and the most increase of NRA (~180. 51% ) was observed in plants inoculated with P. putida compared to the non-inoculated treatment. Nitrate concentration showed about 32. 98% decrease in P. putida compared to the control. Also iron concentration, increased up to 40 and 26. 85% in shoot and 8. 09 and 9% in root in P. putida and P. fluorescens treated plants, respectively compared to the non-bacterial. Based on the result obtained in this study, The highest decrease in nitrate accumulation and the highest NRA and iron concentration in spinach shoots were achieved by P. putida inoculation.

Effect of Inoculation with Azotobacter, Manure and Nitrogen Application on Yield and Yield Components of Winter Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). In order to investigation effect of Azotobacter inoculation, application of manure and nitrogen application on yield and function components of safflower, In 1388 test is performed as factorial in from of design of accidental complete blocks with 3 repeat in educational field Islamic Azad university. Experimental care suchas Azotoba include Azotobacter, Nitrogen and manure that first one performed in x Level without inoculation A0and with ino culation A1 and second one preformed in 3 level %50, %75 and %100 and the third one performed in 2 leven 15 ton in hectar on kind of fall safflower. Result indicated that effect of various levels in Azotobacter on trait like hight of plant, number of lateral branch, number of boll function of grain, weight of grain and biologic function of major boll. Meaning full. Also, effect of various levels in nitrogen on traits like height of plant, number of lateral branch, number of seed on boll and function of seed was meaning full Also, effect of various level in manure on biologic function was meaning full.

Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is one of the important medicinal plants, which is used in pharmaceutical and perfume industry. In a pot experiment, effects of Azospirillum irakense (A) and Pseudomonas putida (P) and nitrogen levels (no nitrogen (N0), N1: 80 mg/kg, and N2: 160 mg/kg) were investigated on elemental composition, essential oil and thymol content of savory. The results showed that both bacteria had a significant and positive effect on essential oil percentage. In the presence of A. irakense (A+), essential oil was 0.832% and increased by 44% compared to the absence of this bacterium (A-). Also, in the presence of P. putida (P+), essential oil increased 26% by weight compared to the absence of this bacterium (P-). Application of nitrogen fertilizer, also enhanced the essentiol oil percentage, but it was significantly decreased in N2 level. Both bacterial strains and nitrogen fertilizer increased the thymol content, but the increase was not significant. A. irakense increased the shoot nitrogen concentration up to 8.37%. P. putida and A. irakense increased shoot and root K concentration by 10.24% and 15.86%, respectively. A.irakense deacreased shoot P and Ca concentration and P.putida increased shoot and root P concentrations by 17.73% and 30.32%, respectively.

The use of bio-fertilizers is a global approach to reduce chemical inputs pollution to increase the quantity and quality of plant products in line with sustainable agriculture. In this study in order to compare the effects of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizer on phosphorus uptake and yield of ornamental calendula, a factorial experiment with two factors: 1 - Application of biological phosphorus fertilizer at four levels: M1 (without using biological phosphorus manure), M2 (inoculated seed with biological phosphorus fertilizer), M3 (inoculated roots with biological phosphorus fertilizer), M4 (inoculated seed and roots with biological phosphorus fertilizer) and (2) the amount of phosphorus in the form of triple superphosphate at four levels P1 (zero), P2 (100), P3 (200), P4 (300 mgl-1), based on a randomized complete block design with 16 treatments and 5 replicates with 5 pot per treatment was performed. The results showed that of the biological phosphate fertilizer application methods, M4 to most of the traits such plant height (35.53 cm), flower diameter (66.58 mm), flower number (9.15), number of leaves per plant (64.25), shoot fresh weight (29.9 g) and shoot P (% 3.45) was effective and efficient and phosphorus fertilizer consumption has reduced. Whereas in most of the characteristics M4P3 treatment had no significant difference with M4P4 treatment. Therefore, it is advisable to reduce consumption of chemical phosphorus fertilizer.

Intercropping and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improve sustainability of agro-ecosystems. To evaluate the effect of Azotobacter (Azotobacter chroococcum) inoculation on productivity of a peanut /maize intercropping system, a two-year study was design as a randomized complete block in a factorial arrangement with three replicates at Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Guilan province. Factors were Azotobacter inoculation [control (non-inoculated) and inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum) and intercropping pattern (Sole cropping of peanut and maize, additive intercropping pattern at three levels (100% peanut + 100% maize, 100% peanut + 50% maize, and 50% peanut + 100% maize), and replacement intercropping pattern at three levels (50% peanut + 50% maize, 67% peanut +33% maize, and 33% peanut + 67% maize). Results showed that gain yields of maize and peanut were significantly affected by Azotobacter inoculation and intercropping pattern. Inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum significantly increased grain yields of peanut and maize by 10% and 16%, respectively. Maximum and minimum of land equivalent ratio (LER) were observed at 100% peanut + 50% maize and 50% peanut + 50% maize, respectively and inoculated intercropped plots with Azotobacter chroococcum had 12-16% grater LER that non-inoculated ones. Regards to impossibility of mechanical weed control by machines in additive intercropping patterns, to obtain the highest productivity in maize/peanut intercropping system, intercropping pattern of 100% peanut + 50% maize along with Azotobacter application will be suitable in fields with low weed density. Otherwise, based on LER and grain yield of peanut, the intercropping pattern of 67% peanut + 33% maize along with Azotobacter application will be suitable.

A field experiment was conducted at Rasht, in 2014, to investigate controlling weeds in native Hashemi cultivar paddy fields by different methods of herbicide applications and inoculated withAzotobacter chroococcum. The factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates was performed.Factors were Azotobacter application with two levels (inoculation with or without Azotobacter chroococcum) and weed management regimes with six levels (pretilachlor plus a supplementary hand weeding, bensulfuron methyl plus a supplementary hand weeding, and pretilachlor+bensulfuron methyl plus a supplementary hand weeding, hand weeding during rice growing period+no herbicide, un-weeded during rice growing period+no herbicide). Results indicated that paddy rice yield was significantly increased by 16% afterAzotobacter chroococcum inoculation. Rice paddy yield was significantly reduced in un-weeded plots compared to hand weeded and herbicide treated plots. ANOVA also revealed that there was no interaction effect between Azotobacter chroococcumapplications and weed management regimes on paddy and biological yields, indicating that the herbicides had no adverse effect on Azotobacter efficiency in promoting growth and paddy yield of rice. Weed dry weight was reduced by 88, 91, 92, and 94 percentages in weeded plot and plots treated with pretilachlor, bensulfuron methyl, and pretilachlor+bensulfuron methyl, respectively, compared to un-weeded plots.Azotobacter chroococcum inoculation had no significant effect on weed biomass. Overall, the result of this experiment confirmed the feasibility of chemical weed control in paddy fields inoculated withAzotobacter chroococcum.

Verticillium wilt is one of the most important vascular diseases of olive. For this reason, investigating different aspects of this disease such as distribution, biology, pathogenicity, and disease management have always been considered significant. In an attempt to investigate host-pathogen interaction, the present experiment was carried out to study the histopathology of olive (cultivar Zard) inoculated by Verticillium dahliae. Root-dipping method for 30 minutes was used for the inoculation of the seedlings by spore suspension with concentration 109 spore/ml. Four to twelve weeks after inoculation, with the occurrence of wilt symptoms, transversal sections were prepared from various parts of the stem and root. Then, very thin transversal sections were prepared and after different stages of staining, microscopic slides were prepared. The results of the microscopic investigations indicated that the causal agent of Verticillium wilt has caused disorders in the physiology through spreading into vessels, obstruction of xylem vessels, and their destruction. The casual agent also resulted in disorder in the flowing of vascular sap and caused shoot wilt. The results indicated that the seedlings obstructed the vessels and prevented the spread of pathogen with producing tylose. The pathogenicity and defensive mechanisms associated with host-pathogen interaction and their roles in susceptibility rate of the olive to Verticillium wilt have been discussed in this research.